Strengthening Opium Alternatives in Afghanistan: An Analysis and Application of the Alternative Development Theory

Abstract

In Afghanistan, opium poppy was a major source of income for farmers, but its cultivation was banned under a decree of the Islamic Emirate and international policies to promote alternative livelihoods. This study aims to identify alternative crops, necessary support mechanisms, and the application of Alternative Development Theory. The research is qualitative, and data were collected through purposive sampling, focus groups, and thematic analysis, then descriptively analyzed using SPSS 26. Findings indicate that asafoetida, olive, potato, garlic, pistachio, date, pear, cotton, basil, beans, chickpea, and greenhouse production can serve as effective alternatives if domestic and international markets are ensured. The study also reveals limited efforts by the relevant international office. It recommends effective implementation of Alternative Development Theory, particularly in Helmand, alongside improved marketing and export facilitation.